flat washer

Flat washers are usually thin pieces of various shapes used to reduce friction, prevent leakage, isolate, prevent loosening or disperse pressure. This material is found in many materials and structures to perform a variety of similar functions. Due to the material and process limitations of the threaded fasteners, the support surface of the fasteners such as bolts is not large. Therefore, in order to reduce the compressive stress of the pressure receiving surface, the surface of the connected member is protected, and a gasket is used.

Monel fasteners are made from a nickel-copper alloy and exhibit high strength, toughness and good corrosion resistance over a wide temperature range. An outstanding characteristic of Monel fastener is that they offer exceptional resistance to hydrofluoric acid, a particularly tough acid to deal with, in all concentrations up to the boiling point. For hydrofluoric acid applications Monel fasteners are perhaps the most resistant of all commonly used specialty alloys. Monel 400 hex bolts, studs, and fasteners have a hardness of 65 Rockwell B, electrical conductivity at about 3.4 percent IACS, and a specific gravity of 8.83. It is easily fabricated and is strengthened by cold work.